|
The Pakistan Armed Forces (, ''Musallah Afwaj-e-Pakistan'') are the military forces of Pakistan. They are the seventh largest in the world in terms of active military personnel. The armed forces comprise three main inter–services branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines, together with the number of paramilitary forces and the Strategic Plans Division forces.〔 Chain of command of the military is organized under the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee alongside chiefs of staff of army, navy, and the air force. All of the branches work together during operations and joint missions under the Joint Staff HQ.〔 Since 1962, the military has had close military relations with China, working jointly to develop the JF-17, the K-8, and other weapons systems. As of 2013 China is the largest foreign supplier of military equipment to Pakistan.〔 Both nations also cooperate on development of nuclear and space technology programs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 South Asia )〕 Their armies have a schedule for organizing joint military exercises.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Al Khalid MBT-2000/Type 2000 Main Battle Tank )〕 The military also maintains close military relations with the United States, which gave Pakistan major non-NATO ally status in 2004. Pakistan gets the bulk of its military equipment from local domestic suppliers, China, and the United States. The armed forces were formed in 1947 when Pakistan became independent from the British Empire.〔 Since then, the armed forces have played a decisive role in the modern history of Pakistan, fighting major wars with India in 1947, 1965 and 1971, and on several occasions seizing control of the civilian government to restore order in the country. Border clashes with Afghanistan led to the creation of paramilitary forces to deal with civil unrest and secure border areas. In 2010, the military had approximately 617,000 personnel on active duty, with 513,000 in the reserves, 304,000 in the paramilitary forces, and approximately 20,000 serving in the Strategic Plans Division forces, giving a total of almost 1,451,000.〔''The Military Balance 2010'', p. 367, International Institute for Strategic Studies (London, 2010).〕 The armed forces have a large pool of volunteers and as such, conscription is not, and has never been needed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Pakistan )〕 The Pakistan Armed Forces are the best organized institution in the country, and are highly respected in civil society.〔http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?id=357〕 Since the founding of Pakistan, the military has played a key role in holding the state together, promoting a feeling of nationhood and providing a bastion of selfless service.〔(Pakistan Army ). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 12 July 2013.〕 In Addition, the Pakistan Armed Forces are the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed overseas in 2007. Other foreign deployments have consisted of Pakistani military personnel serving as military advisers in African and Arab countries. The Pakistani military has maintained combat divisions and brigade-strength presences in some of the Arab countries during the Arab-Israeli Wars, and the first Gulf War to help the Coalition, as well as the Somalian and Bosnian conflicts. ==History== (詳細はBritish Indian Muslims served in the Indian Army during World War II, prior to the partition of British India by the British Empire. Upon Partition military formations with a Muslim majority were transferred to Pakistan wholescale,〔 whilst on an individual basis Indian Muslims could chose to transfer their alliegence to the new Pakistani military. Those who chose to do so included, Ayub Khan (British Indian Army), Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri (Royal Indian Navy), and Asghar Khan (Royal Indian Air Force).〔 Many of the senior officers who would form the Pakistan Armed Forces had fought with the British forces in World War II, thus providing the newly created country with the professionalism, experience, and leadership it would need in its wars against India. In a formula arranged by the British, military resources were supposed to have been divided between India and Pakistan in a ratio of 64% going to India and 36% for Pakistan; however, Pakistan initially demanded 50% of the equipment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://dailymailnews.com/200809/06/dmcolumnpage.html )〕 Initially, the Pakistani military retained British military traditions and doctrine until 1956 when the United States dispatched a special Military Assistance Advisory Group to Pakistan, from whence the American military tradition and doctrine in general was adopted by the Pakistan's military. In March 1956, the Pakistani military order of precedence of three services changed from "Navy-Army-Air Force" to "Army-Navy-Air Force". In the 1990s, the additional reforms of the military eventually changed the order of precedence to Army-Navy-Air Force-Marines; though the Marines remained a vital branch within the Navy, not a separate military service. Between 1947 to 1971, Pakistan has fought three direct conventional wars against India (the Indo Pakistani wars), with the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 witnessing the seccession of East-Pakistan as independent Bangladesh.〔 Rising tensions with Afghanistan in the 1960s and an indirect proxy war fought against the Soviet Union in the 1970s led to a sharp rise in the development of Pakistan Armed Forces. In 1999, an extended period of intense border skirmishing with India, the so-called Kargil War, resulted in a redeployment of forces. As of 2014, the military is conducting counterinsurgency operations along the border areas of Afghanistan, while continuing to participate in several United Nations peacekeeping operations. Since 1957, the armed forces have taken control from the civilian government in various military coups to ostensibly restore order in the country, citing corruption and gross inefficiency on the part of the civilian leadership. While many Pakistanis have supported these seizures of power, others have claimed that political instability, lawlessness, and corruption are direct consequences of military rule.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/200504/P1_ss3.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/16pak3.htm )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pakistan Armed Forces」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|